SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.
A. Some students like to study in the mornings.
B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.
C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
The three examples above are all simple sentences. Note that sentence B contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb. Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs.
COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red.
A. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.
B. Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.
C. Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.
The above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it. Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the clauses. Sentences B and C, for example, are identical except for the coordinators. In sentence B, which action occurred first? Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence, "Maria went shopping. In sentence C, "Maria went shopping" first. In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because "Maria went shopping." How can the use of other coordinators change the relationship between the two clauses? What implications would the use of "yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the sentence?
COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.
A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.
B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.
C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies.
E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.
http://www.eslbee.com/sentences.htm
Definition:
A dependent clause that functions as a noun (that is, as a subject, object, or complement) within a sentence. Also known as a nominal clause.
Examples and Observations:
• "I know that there are things that never have been funny, and never will be. And I know that ridicule may be a shield, but it is not a weapon."
(Dorothy Parker)
A. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:
A noun clause can be a subject of a verb:
What Billy did shocked his friends.
A noun clause can be an object of a verb:
Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.
A noun clause can be a subject complement:
Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.
A noun clause can be an object of a preposition:
Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.
A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:
Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.
B. You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause:
To change a statement to a noun clause use that:
I know + Billy made a mistake =
I know that Billy made a mistake.
To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether:
George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? =
George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.
To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word:
I don’t know + Where is George? =
I don’t know where George is.
C. The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause markers:
that
if, whether
Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why
Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever
________________________________________
D. Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence:
correct:
Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.
correct:
Billy’s friends didn’t know he couldn’t swim.
correct:
Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.
correct:
Billy’s mistake was he refused to take lessons.
correct:
That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.
not correct:
* Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.
________________________________________
E. Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question:
not correct:
* Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it)
correct:
Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is)
not correct:
* Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go)
correct:
Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went)
________________________________________
F. Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses:
When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun clause is:
future if its action/state is later
He thinks that the exam next week will be hard.
He thinks that the exam next week is going to be hard.
present if its action/state is at the same time
He thinks that Mary is taking the exam right now.
past if its action/state is earlier
He thinks that George took the exam yesterday.
When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun clause is:
was/were going to or would + BASE if its action/state is later
He thought that the exam the following week was going to be hard.
He thought that the exam the following week would be hard.
past if its action/state is at the same time
He thought that Mary was taking the exam then.
past perfect if its action/state is earlier
He thought that George had taken the exam the day before.
If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer has written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is past.
The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday.
If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past.
We learned that English is not easy.
The boys knew that the sun rises in the east.
________________________________________
G. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and one independent clause:
Noun clauses as subjects of verbs:
That George learned how to swim is a miracle.
Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.
What Mary said confused her parents.
However you learn to spell is OK with me.
Noun clauses as objects of verbs:
We didn’t know that Billy would jump.
We didn’t know Billy would jump.
Can you tell me if Fred is here?
I don’t know where he is.
George eats whatever is on his plate.
Noun clauses as subject complements:
The truth is that Billy was not very smart.
The truth is Billy was not very smart.
The question is whether other boys will try the same thing.
The winner will be whoever runs fastest.
Noun clauses as objects of prepositions:
Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said.
He wants to learn about whatever is interesting.
Noun clauses as adjective complements:
He is happy that he is learning English.
We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult.
Sources :
http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nounclauseterm.htm
http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23
Ibu….
telah kupandang wajahmu diwaktu tidur
terdapat sinar yang penuh dengan keridhoan
terdapat sinar yang penuh dengan kesabaran
terdapat sinar yang penuh dengan kasih dan sayang
terdapat sinar kelelahan karena aku
Aku yang selalu merepotkanmu
aku yang selalu menyita perhatianmu
aku yang telah menghabiskan air susumu
aku yang selalu menyusahkanmu hingga muncul tangismu
Ibu….
jasamu tiada terbalas
jasamu tiada terbeli
jasamu tiada akhir
jasamu tiada tara
jasamu terlukis indah di dalam surga
Ibu…
hanya do’a yang bisa kupersembahkan untukmu
Anakku…
Hidup memang pilihan…
Jika dengan pilihan ibu, engkau merasa sepi dan merana
Maka maafkanlah nak…
Maafkan ibu…
Maafkan ibu…
Percayalah nak, ibu sedang menyempurnakan puzzle kehidupan kita,
Agar tidak ada satu kepingpun bagian puzzle kehidupan kita yang hilang
Percayalah nak…
Sepi dan ranamu adalah sebagian duka ibu
Percayalah nak…
Engkau adalah selalu menjadi belahan nyawa ibu…
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
1.1 THE USE OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
We use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something which is happening at the time of speaking.
Example : Please don’t make so much noise. I’m studying.
We also use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something which is happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the time of speaking.
Example : Silvia is learning English at the moment.
We often use the Present Continuous when we talk about a period around the present.
Example :You’re working hard today. Yes, I have a lot of to do
We use the present continuous when we talk about the changing situation.
Example : The population without jobs is increasing very fast.
1.2. THE ADVERBS OF TIME USED
The adverbs of time used in Present Continous tense are “NOW, RIGHT NOW, TOMORROW,ETC
1.3. THE PATTERN OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
The patterns of Present continous tense consist of :
1.3.A. Positive Pattern
S + am/is/are + Verb 4…………………………………………….Now
S + sedang + 4……………………………………..sekarang
Examples :
1. I am studying English now.
2. We are going to Jakarta tomorrow (akan)
3. You are singing now.
4. He is making a cake now.
5. she is sewing a shirt now.
6. They are playing football in the field now.
7. Tom and Ani are doing their homework tomorrow.
8. The students are doing sport now.
1.3.b The Negative Pattern
S + am/is/are + Not + Verb 4…………………………………… Now
S + tidak sedang + 4 …………………………………….sekarang
Example :
1. I am not studying now
2. He is not sleeping now
3. My father is not watching television now.
4. we aren’t going to Jakarta Tomorrow.
1.3.c. The Interrogative Pattern
Am/Is/Are + S + Verb 4…………………………………………..Now?
Apakah + S + sedang + 4…………………………sekarang ?
Examples :
1. Are you studying English now ? Yes, I am/ No, I am not
2. Is he eating fried rice now? Yes, he is/ No, he isn’t
3. Is your father working in the office now? Yes, He is/No, He isn’t
1.3.d. Qusetion-word Pattern
QW + Am/Is/Are + S + Verb 4…………………………………...Now?
QW + yang + S + 4……………………………………..sekarang?
Examples :
1. what are you doing now ? studying
2. Where is he studying English now ? at school
PAST TENSE
2.1. The Use of Simple Past Tense
We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past.
2.2. The Adverbs of time used
The adverbs of time used in this tense are Yesterday, last….., a week ago, this morning , last night, yesterday morning, yesterweek, yestermonth, yesteryear, etc.
2.3. The Patterns of Simple Past Tense
2.3.1. The Positive Pattern
S + Verb 2…………………………………………………… Yesterday
S + 2…………………………………………………..
Examples :
1. John saw a crocodile in the river yesterday.
2. We studied English here last week.
3. They played football in the field yesteryear
2.3.2. The Negative Pattern
S + didn’t + Verb 1…………………………………… ……..Yesterday
S + tidak + 1…………………………………kemarin
Examples :
1. John didn’t see a crocodile in the river yesterday.
2. We didn’t study here last week.
3. They didn’t play football in the field yesteryear.
2.3.3. The Interrogative Pattern
Did + S + Verb 1……………………………………………..Yesterday?
Apakah + S + 1…………………………………………kemarin?
Examples:
1. Did John see a crocodile in the river yesterday ? Yes, he did/No, he didn’t
2. Did you study here last week ? Yes, we did/ No, we didn’t
3. Did they play football in the field yesteryear? Yes, they did/No, they didn’t
2.3.4. The Question-word Pattern
QW + did + S + Verb 1……………………………….………Yesterday?
Qw + yang + S + 1…………………………………….?
Examples:
1. What did John see in the river yesterday ? a crocodile
2. When did John see a crocodile in the river? yesterday
QW + Verb 2……………………………….………Yesterday? S + did
QW + 2……………………………..?
Examples :
1. Who saw a crocodile in the river yesterday ? John did
2. What grew in the rice-field last year? A coconut tree did
PRESENT FUTURE TENSE
We often use will in this situation:
Offering to do something:
e.g. That bag looks heavy. I’ll help with it.
Agreeing and refusing to do something:
e.g. I’ve asked john to help me but he won’t
Promising to do something.
e.g. I will come to your house tonight. I promise.
Asking someone to do something.
Will you close the window,please!
A. The positive pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:
S + will/shall + Verb 1…………………………………… Tomorrow
S + akan + 1 …………………….
Example:
1. John will run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month.
2. Mrs.Maria Eva will play badminton tomorrow
B. The negative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:
S + won’t/shan’t + Verb 1…………………… ………… Tomorrow
S + tidak akan + 1 ………………………………..
Example:
1. John won’t run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month.
2. Mrs.Maria Eva won’t play badminton tomorrow
C. The Interrogative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows
Will/Shall + S + Verb 1………………………………….. Tomorrow?
Apakah + S + akan + 1…………………………..?
1. will John run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month? Yes, He will/No,he won’t.
2. will Mrs.Maria Eva play badminton tomorrow? Yes, She will/No, she won’t
D. The QW pattern of Present Future tense is as follows
QW + will/shall + S + Verb 1…………………….………Tomorrow?
QW + yang + S + akan + 1……………………….?
1. when will John run a restaurant in Jakarta? Next month
2. who will run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month? John will
3. where will John run a restaurant Next month? Next month
4. what will John do in Jakarta Next month? Running a restaurant
We often use will to be going to when we say what we have already decided to do, what we intend to do in the future.
e.g. A:There’s a film on television tonight. Are you going to watch it?
B: No, I am too tired. I am going to have an early night.
The pattern :
S + am/is/are + going to + Verb 1……………………………………
S +am/is/are + not + going to + Verb 1…………………… …………
Am/is/are + S + going to + Verb 1………………………………….. .?
QW + am/is/are + S + going to + verb 1…………………………… ..?
4. PRESENT TENSE
Present Tense is used to talk about something in general. And it is also used to talk about something which is happened repeatedly or habituallly activities.
e.g. + The earth goes round the sun
- The earth doesn’t go round the sun
? Does the earth go round the sun ?
+ I get up at 8 o’clock every morning
- I don’t get up at 8 o’clock every morning
? Do you get up at 8 o’clock very morning?
The pattern :
S + Verb 1 (s/es)…………………………………… Everyday/today
S + don’t/doesn’t + Verb 1…………………… ……Everyday/today
Do/Does + S + Verb 1………………………………Everyday/today?
QW + Do/does + S + Verb 1…………………….…Everyday/today?
We use the present simple when wse say how often we do things:
e.g. How often do you go to the dentist ?
Mary doesn’t often drink tea.
5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use past continuous Tense to say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but hadn’t finished:
This time last year I was living in Brazil
We often use the past continuous Tense and the past simple together to say that something happened in the middle of something else:
When I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.
The pattern :
S + was/were + verb 4………………….When + s + Verb 2…….……
S + was/were + not + Verb 4…………….When + s + Verb 2…………
Was/were + S + verb 4…………………. When + s + Verb 2 ……. ….?
QW + was/were + S + verb 4……………When + s + Verb 2 …………?
e.g. + She was cooking rice when Tom came yesterday
- She wasn’t cooking rice when Tom came yesterday
? Was she cooking rice when Tom came yesterday ?
6. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
We often use the present perfect Tense to give new information or to announce recent happening:
e.g. Do you know about Mary ? She’s gone to Jakarta.
We can use the Present Perfect Tense with already to say that something has happened sooner than expected :
e.g. Don’t forget to post this letter, will you? I’ve already posted it.
We can use the Present Perfect Tense with just (= a short time ago)
e.g. Would you like something to eat? ‘No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch’.
We talk about a period of time that continuous up to the present, we use the present perfect.
e.g. Dave: Have you travelled a lot, Nora?
Nora: Yes, I have been to 47 different countries.
We often use ever and never with the present perfect:
e.g. have you ever eaten caviar?
We have never had a car.
We have to use present perfect Tense with This is the first time…, It the first time…
e.g. This is the first time he has driven a car. (not drives)
We often use the present perfect with yet. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: e.g. Has it stopped raining yet ? (not ‘did it stop’).
The pattern:
S + have/has + verb 3……………………….etc
S + haven’t/hasn’t + Verb 3…………….….etc
Have/has + S + verb 3………………….. ….etc?
QW + have/has + S + verb 3………………..etc?
7. PAST PERFECT TENSE
We use the Past perfect to say that something had already happened before this time :
Example :
- When I arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home
- When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my flat and had stolen my fur coat.
- George didn’t want to come to the cinema with us because he had already seen the film twice.
- It was my first time in an aeroplane. I was very nervous because I hadn’t flown before.
The pattern:
S + had + verb 3…………when/before S + V2
S + hadn’t + Verb 3……… when/before S + V2
Had + S + verb 3………… when/before S + V2 ?
QW + had + S + verb 3……… when/before S + V2 ?
8. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
S + have/has + been + verb 4…………etc
S + haven’t/hasn’t + been + verb 4……etc
Have/has + S + been + verb 4……….etc ?
QW + have/has + S + been + verb 4…etc ?
Example :
- Pelajar pelajar tengah menyanyi sejak pagi ini
+ The students have been singing since this morning
- The students haven’t been singing since this morning
? Have the students been singing since this morning ?
9. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
S + had been + verb 4…………when S + V2
S + hadn’t been + Verb 4……… when S + V2
Had + S + been + verb 4………… when S + V2 ?
QW + had + S + been + verb 4……… when S + V2 ?
Example :
- Mereka tengah mengerjakan PR ketika saya datang kemarin
+ They had been doing the homework when I came yesterday
- They hadn’t been doing the homework when I came yesterday
? Had they been doing the homework when I came yesterday ?
10. PRESENT FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
S + will be + Verb 4 + O + at…………..o’clock
S + won’t be + Verb 4 + O + at………..o’clock
Will + S + be + Verb 4 + O + at……….o’clock ?
QW + will + S + be +Verb 4…………o’clock ?
Example :
- Kamu sedang akan pergi ke sekolah pukul 7 besok pagi
+ You will be going to school at seven o’clock tomorrow morning
- You won’t be going to school at seven o’clock tomorrow morning
? Will you be going to school at seven o’clock tomorrow morning ?
11. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
S + will have + verb 3 + ……….by the end……
S + won’t have + Verb 3 + ………..by the end….
Will + S + have + Verb 3 + ………by the end…. ?
QW + will + S + have +Verb 3 +…………by the end… ?
Example :
- Kita sudah akan tiba di Jakarta besok sore.
+ We will have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon
- We won’t have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon
? Will we have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon ?
12. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
S + will have been + verb 4………since……….
S + won’t have been + verb 4…….since……….
Will + S + have been + verb 4……since……….?
QW + will + S + have been + verb 4….since…..?
Example :
- Mereka tengah akan belajar sejak pagi besok
+ They will have been studying since this morning
- They won’t have been studying since this morning
? Will they have been studying since this morning ?
13. PAST FUTURE TENSE
S + would + V1…IF + S + verb 2………….etc
S + wouldn’t + verb 1….+ object…………..etc
Would + S + verb 1 ….+ object ……….…..etc ?
Example :
1. Saya akan datang ANDAIKATA kamu mengundang saya
I would come if you invited me
2. Tom akan melakukan perjalanan JIKAdia punya uang
Tom would travel if he had more money
14. PAST FUTURE CINTINUOUS TENSE
S + would be + Verb 4……when S + verb 2……….etc
S + wouldn’t + be + verb 4….when S + verb 2………etc
Would + S + be + verb 4 ….. when S + verb 2……etc ?
Example :
- Sedianya mereka sedang akan pulang KETIKA kami datang
+ They would be going home when we came
- They wouldn’t be going home when we came
? Would they be going home when we came ?
15. PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
S + would have + verb 3…..IF + S + had + verb 3…….
S + wouldn’t have + verb 3 ……object………..etc
Would + S + have + verb 3 …….object………..etc ?
Example :
- Ia sudah akan menjadi presiden ANDAIKATA partainya menang dalam pemilihan umum.
- He would have become a presiden if his party had won in general election
16. PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
S + would have + been + verb 4…..IF + S + had + verb 3…….
S + wouldn’t have been + verb 4…….object…………etc
Would + S + have been + verb 4.. …….object………..etc ?
Example :
- Sedianya rapat tengah akan dimulai sejak pagi ANDAIKATA walikota sudah datang tepat pada waktunya
- The meeting would have been starting since this morning if Mayor had come on time.
OPINI TENTANG PERENCANAAN PENULISAN SANGAT MEMPENGARUHI KUALITAS TULISAN YANG DIHASILKAN
Merencanakan adalah sebuah proses awal sebelum mengerjakan. Pekerjaan-pekerjaan besar tidak akan terlaksana tanpa adanya sebuah rencana yang matang, terukur, dan dipersiapkan dengan baik.
Apakah sesuatu bisa dilakukan tanpa direncanakan terlebih dahulu? Jawabnya tentu bisa saja namun hampir dapat dipastikan hasilnya tidak akan sebaik pekerjaan yang memang direncanakan. Rencana ibarat kompas yang menuntun arah tujuan dan mengajak kita fokus pada tujuan tersebut.
Dalam melakukan sebuah penulisan, tentu kita membutuhkan suatu perencanaan. Perencanaan itu yang akan membantu kita untuk membuat sebuah tulisan yang terstruktur, terurut, dan tidak berantakan. Dalam perencanaan penulisan, dibutuhkan juga sebuah teknik penulisan, dan kerangka karangan. Kerangka karangan ini akan memudahkan kita untuk mengembangkan apa yang hendak kita tulis.
Dengan membuat rencana, Anda bisa berpikir jernih apa yang sebenarnya mau Anda lakukan, sejauh mana Anda akan melakukannya dan berapa banyak waktu yang akan Anda habiskan untuk itu.
Dalam menulis diperlukan perencanaan yang matang mengenai topik yang akan ditulis, tujuan yang akan disampaikan dan pembahasan yang akan diuraikan.
Uraian-uraiannya mencakup:
1. Pemilihan topik
2. Pembatasan topic
3. Penulisan judul
4. Tujuan penulisan
Perencanaan Tulisan
Perencanaan disusun sebelum suatu kegiatan dilakukan atau merupakan suatu persiapan. Perencanaan Tulisan tidak ubahnya seperti perencanaan dalam kegiatan-kegiatan yang lain. Tujuan dibuatnya sebuah rencana adalah untuk mencapai hasil dari suatu kegiatan secara maksimal. Dalam kegiatan menulis perencana Tulisan tergolong ke dalam tahap prapenulisan. Pada tahap ini kegiatan yang dilakukan meliputi kegiatan merumuskan tujuan karangan, menentukan topik dan sub-subtopik, menetapkan tujuan dan sasaran, mengumpulkan bahan atau informasi yang diperlukan, serta mengorganisasikan ide atau gagasan dalam bentuk kerangka karangan.
Diksi
Diksi adalah pilihan kata. Diksi sangat penting dalam berkomunikasi secara lisan ataupun tulisan. Dalam komunikasi lisan, diksi sangat besar pengaruhnya dalam menyampaikan bahasa yang membuat orang mengerti dan tidak tersinggung.
Ejaan dan Tanda Baca
Penyusunan Kalimat Efektif
Paragraf
Dengan memperhatikan hal-hal diatas, diharapkan tulisan yang telah dibuat sudah memenuhi unsur-unsur tulisan yang berkualitas, tinggal bagaimana pembaca menilai apakah tulisan tersebut bermanfaat atau tidak bagi pembaca.
PERSYARATAN PARAGRAF YANG BAIK (KEPADUAN, KESATUAN DAN KELENGKAPAN)
A. PENGERTIAN PARAGRAF
Paragraf merupakan suatu bagian dari karangan yang di dalamnya terdiri atas beberapa kalimat yang selalu berkaitan satu sama lain sehingga menjadi satu kesatuan yang utuh membentuk satu pikiran utama. Di dalam paragraf biasanya terdapat satu kalimat yang menjadi pokok pikiran dari paragraf tersebut yang biasa kita kenal dengan kalimat utama.
è Syarat paragraf yang baik adalah kepaduan paragraf, kesatuan paragraf, dan kelengkapan paragraf.
1. Kepaduan paragraf
Langkah-langkah yang harus kita tempuh adalah adanya kemampuan untuk merangkai kalimat sehingga berkaitan satu sama lain sehingga logis dan serasi. Lalu gunakanlah kata penghubung yang dapat membuat kalimat saling berkaitan. Terdapat dua jenis kata penghubung, yaitu kata penghubung intrakalimat dan kata penghubung antarkalimat. Intrakalimat yaitu kata yang menghubungkan anak kalimat dengan induk kalimat, contohnya: karena, sehingga, tetapi, dsb. Sedangkan antarkalimat yaitu kata yang menghubungkan kalimat yang satu dengan kalimat yang lainnya, contohnya: oleh karena itu, jadi, kemudian dan sebagainya.
Contoh : Remaja mempunyai banyak potensi untuk dikembangkan. Remaja terkadang tidak menyadari bahwa ia memiliki banyak kelebihan yang bisa digali dan diberdayakan guna menyongsong masa depan. Mereka perlu bantuan untuk dimotivasi dan diberi wawasan. Anak-anak muda lewat potensinya adalah penggengam masa depan yang lebih baik dari para pendahulunya.
2. Kesatuan paragraf
Syarat yang kedua adalah kesatuan paragraf. Yang dimaksud kesatuan adalah tiap pargaraf hanya mengandung satu pokok pikiran yang diwujudkan dalam kalimat utama. Kalimat utama yang diletakkan di awal paragraf biasa kita sebut dengan paragraf deduktif, sedangkan kalimat utama yang diletakkan di akhir paragraf biasa kita sebut dengan paragraf induktif. Adapun ciri-ciri dalam membuat kalimat utama, yakni kalimat yang dibuat harus mengandung permasalahan yang berpotensi untuk diperinci atau diuraikan lebih lanjut. Ciri-ciri lainnya yaitu kalimat utama dapat dibuat lengkap dan berdiri sendiri tanpa memerlukan kata penghubung, baik kata penghubung antarkalimat maupun kata penghubung intrakalimat.
Contoh paragraf deduktif
PBB menetapkan 12 Agustus sebagai hari Remaja Internasional. Pencetus gagasan ini ialah para menteri sedunia yang menangani masalah remaja di portugal 1998. Tujuannya guna memicu kesadaran remaja untuk memahami masalah sosial budaya, lingkungan hidup, pendidikan dan kenakalan remaja.
Contoh paragraf induktif
Kalau ditanya rencana masa depan, banyak remaja menjawab asal-asalan. Mereka tidak punya greget dalam menatap masa depan, mereka sebagai air, mengikuti aliran tanpa berperan mengarahkan air itu. Tanpa motivasi, tanpa perencanaan yang jelas. Mereka yang pesimis, harapan masa depannya pun rendah.
3. Kelengkapan paragraf
Sebuah paragraf dikatakan lengkap apabila di dalamnya terdapat kalimat-kalimat penjelas secara lengkap untuk menunjukan pokok pikiran atau kalimat utama. Ciri-ciri kalimat penjelas yaitu berisi penjelasan berupa rincian, keterangan, contoh dll. Selain itu, kalimat penjelas berarti apabila dihubungkan dengan kalimat-kalimat di dalam paragraf. Kemudian kalimat penjelas sering memerlukan bantuan kata penghubung, baik kata penghubung antarkalimat maupun kata penghubung intrakalimat.
B. PENGEMBANGAN PARAGRAF
Kelengkapan paragraf berhubungan dengan cara mengembangkan paragraf. Paragraf dapat dikembangkan dengan cara pertentangan, perbandingan, analogi, contoh, sebab akibat, definisi dan klasifikasi.
1. Cara pertentangan
Biasanya menggunakan ungkapan-ungkapan seperti berbeda dengan, bertentangan dengan, sedangkan, lain halnya dengan, akan tetapi, dan bertolak belakang dari.
Contoh : Orang yang suka memberi dengan ikhlas hidupnya tak pernah kekurangan, berbeda dengan orang yang kikir, jiwanya tertekan karena harus pelit.
2. Cara perbandingan
Biasanya menggunakan ungkapan seperti, serupa dengan, seperti halnya, demikian juga, sama dengan, sejalan dengan, akan tetapi, sedangkan, dan sementara itu.
Contoh : Hidup jangan seperti lalat yang suka makan barang-barang busuk, akan tetapi hiduplah seperti lebah yang hanya makan sari bunga yang wangi dan manis yang memberikan banyak keuntungan bagi makhluk lain.
3. Cara analogi
Analogi adalah bentuk pengungkapan suatu objek yang dijelaskan dengan objek lain yang memiliki suatu kesamaan atau kemiripan, biasanya dilakukan dengan bantuan kiasan. Kata-kata kiasan yang digunakan yaitu ibaratnya, seperti dan bagaikan.
Contoh : Peran gizi bagi kesehatan manusia tidak bisa ditawar-tawar lagi, tubuh ibarat mobil, mobil perlu bensin untuk jalan, manusia pun perlu beras untuk berenergi.
4. Cara Contoh- contoh
Kata, seperti, misalnya, contohnya dan lain-lain merupakan ungkapan-ungkapan dalam pengembangan dalam mengembangkan paragraf dengan contoh.
Contoh: Tak ada seorang pun yang tak ingin kaya, apalagi kaya dengan rejeki yang halal, tapi didunia ini berlaku hukum keseimbangan, kaya dengan halal harus kerja keras, kerja cerdas dan kerja waras. Kekayaan hasil korupsi tidak akan pernah membuahkan kebahagiaan. Contohnya : Bapak A memimpin sebuah lembaga negara, yang asalnya biasa sekarang jadi superkaya, rumahnya bak istana, setiap anak punya mobil dan apartemen, tetapi anehnya ketiga anak laki-lakinya tidak ada yang lulus kuliah, anak perempuannya hobi kawin cerai dan dua cucunya mengalami keterbelakangan mental.
5. Cara sebab akibat
Dilakukan jika menerangkan suatu kejadian. Ungkapan yang digunakan yaitu, padahal, akibatnya, oleh karena itu dan karena.
Contoh : Pertama kali pindah kekota ia adalah anak yang baik, tahun pertama ia masuk Smk mulai merokok, malam minggu kumpul ditempat tongkrongan langganan, disuguhi minuman beralkohol, mulailah mabuk-mabukan. Kini rokoknya diganti dengan lintingan ganja, uang transport sering dipakai beli ganja, sekolah sering bolos, akibatnya raport jelek, badan kurus dan sekarang mulai berani enjual barang-barang rumah untuk membeli si daun haram itu.
6. Cara definisi
adalah, yaitu, ialah, merupakan kata-kata yang digunakan dalam mengembangkan paragraf secara definisi.
Contoh : Paragraf ialah suatu bagian dari karangan yang di dalamnya terdiri atas beberapa kalimat yang selalu berkaitan satu sama lain sehingga menjadi satu kesatuan yang utuh membentuk satu pikiran utama. Di dalam paragraf biasanya terdapat satu kalimat yang menjadi pokok pikiran dari paragraf tersebut yang biasa kita kenal dengan kalimat utama.
7. Cara klasifikasi
Adalah pengembangan paragraf melalui pengelompokan berdasarkan ciri-ciri tertentu. Kata-kata ungkapan yang lazim digunakan yaitu dibagi menjadi, digolongkan menjadi, terbagi menjadi, dan mengklasifikasikan.
Contoh : Ada paragraf yang isinya mengisahkan kehidupan seseorang, menjelaskan sebuah proses, melukiskan keadaan dengan kata-kata, bahkan ada paragraf yang isinya mempengaruhi cara berpikir orang lain. Ditinjau dari sifat isi paragraf tadi maka paragraf dapat digolongkan menjadi paragraf deskriptif, paragraf naratif, paragraf persuatif, dan paragraf argumentatif.
